Follow-Up Interventions in Trauma Patients to Optimize Pain Management or Opioid use and Their Associated Costs: A Scoping Review Protocol
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with traumatic injuries often experience substantial acute pain, which can lead to chronic pain and persistent opioid use after hospital discharge. However, little is known about interventions to support trauma patients to prevent such health issues and their costs.
Objectives: To describe the nature and extent of the evidence on follow-up interventions for pain management or optimal opioid use and their economic evaluation in patients with traumatic injuries after hospital discharge.
Methods: The 6-stage framework for scoping reviews proposed by Arksey and O’Malley and Levac et al., enhanced by the recommendations from the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, will be used. CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, ProQuest databases, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science will be searched. Two reviewers will independently screen, select and extract the data. An interdisciplinary advisory committee and 2 patient partners will be consulted throughout the review process to ensure its relevance.
Discussion and Research Spin-offs: This scoping review will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on follow-up interventions for adult patients with traumatic injuries to reduce their pain and opioid use after hospital discharge, while taking economic measures into account. The results will inform research and, ultimately, contribute to the sustainable implementation of interventions to prevent chronic pain and opioid use disorder in these patients.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors hold the copyright on their papers without restrictions and retain it without restrictions after publication of the papers on the journal’s website.
References
Anthony, C. A., Rojas, E. O., Keffala, V., Glass, N. A., Shah, A. S., Miller, B. J., Hogue, M., Willey, M. C., Karam, M., & Marsh, J. L. (2020). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Delivered via a Mobile Phone Messaging Robot to Decrease Postoperative Opioid Use in Patients With Orthopedic Trauma: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e17750. https://doi.org/10.2196/17750
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Bedson, J., Chen, Y., Ashworth, J., Hayward, R. A., Dunn, K. M., & Jordan, K. P. (2019). Risk of adverse events in patients prescribed long-term opioids: A cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. European journal of pain (London, England), 23(5), 908–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1357
Bell, T. M., Raymond, J., Vetor, A., Mongalo, A., Adams, Z., Rouse, T., & Carroll, A. (2019). Long-term prescription opioid utilization, substance use disorders, and opioid overdoses after adolescent trauma. The Journal of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, 87(4), 836–840. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000002261
Bell, T. M., Raymond, J. L., Mongalo, A. C., Adams, Z. W., Rouse, T. M., Hatcher, L., Russell, K., & Carroll, A. E. (2022). Outpatient Opioid Prescriptions are Associated With Future Substance Use Disorders and Overdose Following Adolescent Trauma. Annals of Surgery, 276(6), e955–e960. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000004769
Bérubé, M., Choinière, M., Laflamme, Y. G., & Gélinas, C. (2016). Acute to chronic pain transition in extremity trauma: A narrative review for future preventive interventions (part 1). International Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma Nursing, 23, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijotn.2016.04.002
Bérubé, M., Dupuis, S., Leduc, S., Roy, I., Turcotte, V., Côté, C., Grzelak, S., Clairoux, S., Panic, S., & Lauzier, F. (2022). Tapering Opioid Prescription Program for High-Risk Trauma Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 23(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2021.08.001
Bérubé, M., Gélinas, C., Feeley, N., Martorella, G., Côté, J., Laflamme, G. Y., Rouleau, D. M., & Choinière, M. (2019). Feasibility of a Hybrid Web-Based and In-Person Self-management Intervention Aimed at Preventing Acute to Chronic Pain Transition After Major Lower Extremity Trauma (iPACT-E-Trauma): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 20(10), 2018–2032. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz008
Bérubé, M., Verret, M., Bourque, L., Côté, C., Guénette, L., Richard-Denis, A., Ouellet, S., Singer, L. N., Gauthier, L., Gagnon, M. P., Gagnon, M. A., & Martorella, G. (2024). Educational needs and preferences of adult patients with acute pain: a mixed-methods systematic review. Pain, 165(12), e162–e183. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003288
Beyer, C. A., Poltavskiy, E., Walker, L. E., Pettey, W., Suo, Y., Redd, A., Rittel, A. G., Kazanis, W. H., Dunham, J. R., Zarzabal, L. A., Rutter, W. C., Sim, A., Watrous, J. R., Howard, J. T., Janak, J. C., Stewart, I. J., & Gundlapalli, A. (2021). Persistent Opioid Use After Combat Injury and Subsequent Long-term Risk of Abuse: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Annals of Surgery, 274(6), e957–e965. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000003658
Brat, G. A., Agniel, D., Beam, A., Yorkgitis, B., Bicket, M., Homer, M., Fox, K. P., Knecht, D. B., McMahill-Walraven, C. N., Palmer, N., & Kohane, I. (2018). Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 360, j5790. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5790
Cáceres-Matos, R., Gil-García, E., Barrientos-Trigo, S., Porcel-Gálvez, A. M., & Cabrera-León, A. (2020). Consequences of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in adulthood. Scoping Review. Revista Saude Publica, 54, 39. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001675
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2012). Guide to Knowledge Translation Planning at CIHR: Integrated and End-of-Grant Approaches. Government of Canada. https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/documents/kt_lm_ktplan-en.pdf
Centre fo Evidence-Based Medicine (2009). Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence (March 2009). https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009
Chapman, C. R., & Vierck, C. J. (2017). The Transition of Acute Postoperative Pain to Chronic Pain: An Integrative Overview of Research on Mechanisms. The Journal of Pain, 18(4), 359.e351-359.e338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.11.004
Christie, N., Beckett, K., Earthy, S., Kellezi, B., Sleney, J., Barnes, J., Jones, T., & Kendrick, D. (2016). Seeking support after hospitalisation for injury: a nested qualitative study of the role of primary care. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 66(642), e24–e31. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp15X688141
Cleeland, C. S. (2009). The Brief Pain Inventory. User Guide. The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. https://www.mdanderson.org/documents/Departments-and-Divisions/Symptom-Research/BPI_UserGuide.pdf
Cochran, G., Pacella, M. L., Ringwald, W., Repine, M., Hruschak, V., Beaugard, C., Sewall, C., Rosen, D., Alarcon, L. H., Tarkin, I. S., Moloney, G. B., & Corcos, A. (2020). Opioid use patterns and risk characteristics among injured patients. Substance Abuse, 41(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635065
Desai, R., Hong, Y. R., & Huo, J. (2019). Utilization of pain medications and its effect on quality of life, health care utilization and associated costs in individuals with chronic back pain. Journal of Pain Research, 12, 557–569. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S187144
Deyo, R. A., Smith, D. H. M., Johnson, E. S., Donovan, M., Tillotson, C. J., Yang, X., Petrik, A. F., & Dobscha, S. K. (2011). Opioids for Back Pain Patients: Primary Care Prescribing Patterns and Use of Services. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM, 24(6), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2011.06.100232
Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., & Torrance, G. W. (2015). Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.ca/books?id=yzZSCwAAQBAJ
Dueñas, M., Ojeda, B., Salazar, A., Mico, J. A., & Failde, I. (2016). A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system. Journal of Pain Research, 9, 457–467. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S105892
Dueñas, M., Salazar, A., de Sola, H., & Failde, I. (2020). Limitations in Activities of Daily Living in People With Chronic Pain: Identification of Groups Using Clusters Analysis. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 20(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12842
El Moheb, M., Herrera-Escobar, J. P., Maurer, L. R., Langeveld, K. M. C., Kapoen, C., Heyman, A., Garvey, S., Gebran, A., Breen, K., Sanchez, S. E., Salim, A., Velmahos, G. C., Nehra, D., & Kaafarani, H. M. A. (2022). The variation of opioid prescription after injury and its association with long-term chronic pain: A multicenter cohort study. Surgery, 172(6), 1844–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2022.08.005
Fabricant, L., Ham, B., Mullins, R., & Mayberry, J. (2013). Prolonged pain and disability are common after rib fractures. American Journal of Surgery, 205(5), 515–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.12.007
Finstad, J., Røise, O., Rosseland, L. A., Clausen, T., & Havnes, I. A. (2021). Discharge from the trauma centre: exposure to opioids, unmet information needs and lack of follow up—a qualitative study among physical trauma survivors. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 29(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-021-00938-7
Gaines-Dillard N. (2015). Nurse led telephone follow-up improves satisfaction in motorcycle trauma patients. Journal of trauma nursing : the official journal of the Society of Trauma Nurses, 22(2), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000110
Gewandter, J. S., Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Farrar, J. T., Fillingim, R. B., Gilron, I., Markman, J. D., Oaklander, A. L., Polydefkis, M. J., Raja, S. N., Robinson, J. P., Woolf, C. J., Ziegler, D., Ashburn, M. A., Burke, L. B., Cowan, P., George, S. Z., Goli, V., Graff, O. X.,…Walco, G. A. (2015). Research design considerations for chronic pain prevention clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain, 156(7), 1184–1197. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000191
Gewandter, J. S., Smith, S. M., Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Gan, T. J., Gilron, I., Hertz, S., Katz, N. P., Markman, J. D., Raja, S. N., Rowbotham, M. C., Stacey, B. R., Strain, E. C., Ward, D. S., Farrar, J. T., Kroenke, K., Rathmell, J. P., Rauck, R., Brown, C.,…Wentworth, K. (2021). Research approaches for evaluating opioid sparing in clinical trials of acute and chronic pain treatments: Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials recommendations. Pain, 162(11), 2669–2681. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002283
Government of Canada (2021, May 12). Canadian Pain Task Force: March 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/about-health-canada/public-engagement/external-advisory-bodies/canadian-pain-task-force/report-2021.html
Grzelak, S., Bérubé, M., Gagnon, M.-A., Côté, C., Turcotte, V., Pelet, S., & Belzile, É. (2022). Pain Management Strategies After Orthopaedic Trauma: A Mixed-Methods Study with a View to Optimizing Practices. Journal of Pain Research, 15, 385–402. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S342627
Guy, W. (1976). ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. https://ia600200.us.archive.org/19/items/ecdeuassessmentm1933guyw/ecdeuassessmentm1933guyw.pdf
Hadi, M. A., McHugh, G. A., & Closs, S. J. (2019). Impact of Chronic Pain on Patients’ Quality of Life: A Comparative Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of Patient Experiences, 6(2), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373518786013
Hadie, S. N. H. (2024). ABC of a Scoping Review: A Simplified JBI Scoping Review Guideline. Education in Medicine Journal, 16(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2024.16.2.14
Hahn, Y., Tiernan, G., & Berecki-Gisolf, J. (2018). The impact of opioid analgesic prescription uptake on the costs of recovery from injury: Evidence from compensable orthopaedic road trauma patients. Accident; Analalysis and Prevention, 117, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.032
Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., Janssen, M., Kind, P., Parkin, D., Bonsel, G., & Badia, X. (2011). Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 20(10), 1727–1736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9903-x
Higgins J. P. T., Chandler J., Cumpston M., Li T., Page M. J., & Welch V.A. (2023). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook
Hill, K. G., Woodward, D., Woelfel, T., Hawkins, J. D., & Green, S. (2016). Planning for Long-Term Follow-Up: Strategies Learned from Longitudinal Studies. Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 17(7), 806–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0610-7
Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., Lamb, S. E., Dixon-Woods, M., McCulloch, P., Wyatt, J. C., Chan, A. W., & Michie, S. (2014). Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 348, g1687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1687
Jensen, M. P., Karoly, P., & Braver, S. (1986). The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain, 27(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90228-9
Johnston, J. P., LaPietra, A. M., Elsawy, O. A., Wang, A., Richards, L. M., Yee, S., Foran, L. A., Hlayhel, A. F., Fahey, R., & Nerenberg, S. F. (2023). Opioid Prescribing at Discharge in Opioid-Naïve Trauma Patients. The American Surgeon, 89(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031348211011105
Joiner, A. P., Tupetz, A., Peter, T. A., Raymond, J., Macha, V. G., Vissoci, J. R. N., & Staton, C. (2022). Barriers to accessing follow up care in post-hospitalized trauma patients in Moshi, Tanzania: A mixed methods study. PLOS global public health, 2(6), e0000277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000277
Kolstadbraaten, K. M., Spreng, U. J., Wisloeff‐Aase, K., Gaarder, C., Naess, P. A., & Raeder, J. (2019). Incidence of chronic pain 6 y after major trauma. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 63(8), 1074–1078. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.13380
Lapierre, A., Bérubé, M., Giroux, M., Tardif, P-A., Turcotte, V., Mercier, E., Richard-Denis, A., Williamson, D., & Moore, L. (2024). Interprofessional interventions that impact collaboration and quality of care across inpatient trauma care continuum: A scoping review. Injury, 55(11), 111873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2024.111873
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implementation science : IS, 5, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Mauck, M. C., Schwenk, E. S., & Gupta, R. K. (2024). Incidence of persistent opioid use following traumatic injury: an infographic. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine, 49(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2023-104812
Mauck, M. C., Zhao, Y., Goetzinger, A. M., Tungate, A. S., Spencer, A. B., Lal, A., Barton, C. E., Beaudoin, F., & McLean, S. A. (2024). Incidence of persistent opioid use following traumatic injury. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, 49(2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-103662
McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D. M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V., & Lefebvre, C. (2016). PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 75, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021
McLaughlin, S., Speakman, S., Johns, J., McGuinness, M., Swanson, C., Muller, L., Muwanga-Magoye, T., & Harmston, C. (2025). Opioid prescribing patterns in trauma patients: assessing the impact of injury and treatment factors. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 95(6), 1236–1241. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.70111
Melzack, R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1(3), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
Moore, L., Lauzier, F., Tardif, P. A., Boukar, K. M., Farhat, I., Archambault, P., Mercier, É., Lamontagne, F., Chassé, M., Stelfox, H. T., Berthelot, S., Gabbe, B., Lecky, F., Yanchar, N., Champion, H., Kortbeek, J., Cameron, P., Bonaventure, P. L., Paquet, J., Truchon, C., … Canadian Traumatic brain injury Research Consortium (2019). Low-value clinical practices in injury care: A scoping review and expert consultation survey. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 86(6), 983–993. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000002246
Moreno, P., Von Allmen, M., Haltmeier, T., Candinas, D., & Schnüriger, B. (2018). Long-Term Follow-Up After Non-operative Management of Blunt Splenic and Liver Injuries: A Questionnaire-Based Survey. World Journal of Surgery, 42(5), 1358–1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4336-5
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Parachute. (2026, January 8). Cost of Injury in Canada 2022. https://parachute.ca/en/professionalresource/cost-of-injury-in-canada/
Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Khalil, H., Larsen, P., Marnie, C., Pollock, D., Tricco, A. C., & Munn, Z. (2022). Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-21-00242
Peters, M. D. J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., Pollock, D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., & Khalil, H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119–2126. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-20-00167
Pollock, D., Alexander, L., Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Khalil, H., Godfrey, C. M., McInerney, P., Synnot, A., & Tricco, A. C. (2022). Moving from consultation to co-creation with knowledge users in scoping reviews: guidance from the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 969–979. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-21-00416
Pollock, D., Peters, M. D. J., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Alexander, L., Tricco, A. C., Evans, C., de Moraes, É. B., Godfrey, C. M., Pieper, D., Saran, A., Stern, C., & Munn, Z. (2023). Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews. JBI evidence synthesis, 21(3), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00123
Powelson, E. B., Mills, B., Henderson-Drager, W., Boyd, M., Vavilala, M. S., & Curatolo, M. (2019). Predicting chronic pain after major traumatic injury. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 19(3), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2019-0040
Rosenbloom, B. N., Katz, J., Chin, K. Y. W., Haslam, L., Canzian, S., Kreder, H. J., & McCartney, C. J. L. (2016). Predicting pain outcomes after traumatic musculoskeletal injury. Pain, 157(8), 1733–1743. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000580
Rosenbloom, B. N., Khan, S., McCartney, C., & Katz, J. (2013). Systematic review of persistent pain and psychological outcomes following traumatic musculoskeletal injury. Journal of Pain Research, 6, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S38878
Schaffer, S., Bayat, D., Biffl, W. L., Smith, J., Schaffer, K. B., Dandan, T. H., Wang, J., Snyder, D., Nalick, C., Dandan, I. S., Tominaga, G. T., & Castelo, M. R. (2022). Pain management on a trauma service: a crisis reveals opportunities. Trauma Surgery and Acute Care Open, 7(1), e000862. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2021-000862
Stark, P. A., Myles, P. S., & Burke, J. A. (2013). Development and psychometric evaluation of a postoperative quality of recovery score: the QoR-15. Anesthesiology, 118(6), 1332–1340. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e318289b84b
Takakusagi, Y., Oike, T., Shirai, K., Sato, H., Kano, K., Shima, S., Tsuchida, K., Mizoguchi, N., Serizawa, I., Yoshida, D., Kamada, T., & Katoh, H. (2021). Validation of the Reliability of Machine Translation for a Medical Article From Japanese to English Using DeepL Translator. Cureus, 13(9), e17778. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17778
Torp, H. A., Skurtveit, S. O., Gustavsen, I., Gran, J. M., & Rosseland, L. A. (2025). Post-injury use of opioid analgesics in patients with traumatic injury: A registry-based study. European journal of pain (London, England), 29(3), e4743. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.4743
Trevino, C. M., deRoon-Cassini, T., & Brasel, K. (2013). Does opiate use in traumatically injured individuals worsen pain and psychological outcomes? The Journal of Pain, 14(4), 424–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.016
Truchon, C., Moore, L., Belcaid, A., Clément, J., Trudelle, N., Ulysse, M. A., Grolleau, B., Clusiau, J., Lévesque, D., & de Guise, M. (2017). Shaping Quality Through Vision, Structure, and Monitorint of Performance and Quality Indicators: Impact Story from the Quebec Trauma Network. International Journal of Technology Assessement in Health Care, 33(4), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317000198
United States Congress. (1990). Trauma Care Systems Planning and Development Act of 1990 (Pub.L. 101-590) - Section 6. U.S. Government. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1788/pdf/COMPS-1788.pdf
Üstün, T.B., Kostanjesek, N., Chatterji, S., Rehm, J., & World Health Organization (2010). Measuring Health and Disability: Manual for WHO Disability Assessment Schedule WHODAS 2.0. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/13c8676c-bdd5-41e9-beae-30343a96d4f0/content
van Breugel, J. M. M., Niemeyer, M. J. S., Houwert, R. M., Groenwold, R. H. H., Leenen, L. P. H., & van Wessem, K. J. P. (2020). Global changes in mortality rates in polytrauma patients admitted to the ICU-a systematic review. World journal of emergency surgery : WJES, 15(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-020-00330-3
von Oelreich, E., Eriksson, M., Brattström, O., Sjölund, K. F., Discacciati, A., Larsson, E., & Oldner, A. (2020). Risk factors and outcomes of chronic opioid use following trauma. The British journal of surgery, 107(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11507
Vranceanu, A.-M., Jacobs, C., Lin, A., Greenberg, J., Funes, C. J., Harris, M. B., Heng, M. M., Macklin, E. A., & Ring, D. (2019). Results of a feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the Toolkit for Optimal Recovery (TOR): a live video program to prevent chronic pain in at-risk adults with orthopedic injuries. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0416-7
Wake, E., Ranse, J., & Marshall, A. P. (2022). Scoping review of the literature to ascertain how follow-up care is provided to major trauma patients post discharge from acute care. BMJ Open, 12(9), e060902. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060902
Zemedikun, D. T., Kigozi, J., Wynne-Jones, G., Guariglia, A., & Roberts, T. (2021). Methodological considerations in the assessment of direct and indirect costs of back pain: A systematic scoping review. PloS one, 16(5), e0251406. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251406