Early Career Nursing Staff’s Expectations to Support Work Engagement: First Step in Developing Organizational Interventions in the Province of Quebec (Canada)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Poor work conditions jeopardize the quality of nursing jobs and increase turnover and attrition rates, especially for early career nurses and licensed practical nurses. Understanding perspectives of the nursing staff on work engagement is essential to develop innovative and responsive organizational interventions.
Objectives: 1- Define the expectations of early career nursing staff with respect to their workplace in order to support work engagement 2- Identify priority actions to support work engagement at organizational level.
Methods: A mixed-methods research design based on a conceptual mapping approach was used. Early career nurses and licensed practical nurses (N=14) working in a semi-urban integrated health and social services center in Quebec (Canada) were asked the following question: “What can the workplace do to promote work engagement?” Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to organize the 49 statements provided by the nursing staff. At the same time, participants prioritized actions by rating the “importance” and “probability of a successful implementation” of each statement.
Results: Nursing staffs’ expectations toward their workplace in order to support work engagement were: attractive working conditions, positive leadership, safe working conditions, professional development opportunities, and personalized career path. More specifically, the priority actions identified were: showing respect, providing a healthy environment and avoiding transfer to unwanted departments.
Discussion and conclusion: The results suggest several actions to promote work engagement of early career nursing staff working in semi-urban settings in Quebec, including providing human and material resources, implementing a positive organizational culture, and exercising benevolent leadership.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors hold the copyright on their papers without restrictions and retain it without restrictions after publication of the papers on the journal’s website.
References
Alghamdi, M. G. (2016). Nursing workload: a concept analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(4), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12354
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2002). Hallmarks of the professional nursing practice environment. Journal of Professional Nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 18(5), 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1053/jpnu.2002.129231
Assemblée nationale. (2015). Projet de loi no 10 : loi modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux notamment par l’abolition des agences régionales. Éditeur officiel du Québec. http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2015C1F.PDF
Bakhamis, L., Paul III, D., Smith, H., et Coustasse, A. (2019). Still an Epidemic: The Burnout Syndrome in Hospital Registered Nurses. The Health Care Manager, 38(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0000000000000243
Ball, J. E., Bruyneel, L., Aiken, L. H., Sermeus, W., Sloane, D. M., Rafferty, A. M., Lindqvist, R., Tishelman, C. et Griffiths, P. (2018). Post-operative mortality, missed care and nurse staffing in nine countries: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 78, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.004
Brook, J., Aitken, L., Webb, R., MacLaren, J., et Salmon, D. (2019). Characteristics of successful interventions to reduce turnover and increase retention of early career nurses: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 91, 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.11.003
Bruyneel, L., Li, B., Ausserhofer, D., Lesaffre, E., Dumitrescu, I., Smith, H. L., Sloane, D.M., Aiken, L.H., et Sermeus, W. (2015). Organization of Hospital Nursing, Provision of Nursing Care, and Patient Experiences With Care in Europe. Medical Care Research and Review : MCRR, 72(6), 643-664. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558715589188
Burmeister, E. A., Kalisch, B. J., Xie, B., Doumit, M. A. A., Lee, E., Ferraresion, A., Terzioglu, F., et Bragadóttir, H. (2019). Determinants of nurse absenteeism and intent to leave: An international study. Journal of nursing management, 27(1), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12659
Butler, M., Treacy, M., Scott, A., Hyde, A., Mac Neela, P., Irving, K., Byrne,A., et Drennan, J. (2006). Towards a nursing minimum data set for Ireland: making Irish nursing visible. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55(3), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03909.x
Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., et Niknafs, A. (2014). NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(6), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v061.i06
Comité jeunesse de l’ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. 2018. Avis : plans de carrière et de développement professionnel : leviers pour la professionnalisation de la relève infirmière. https://www.oiiq.org/documents/20147/1306159/avis-plans-de-carriere-et-developpement-professionnel-20180925-26.pdf
Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail. 2019. La loi sur les normes du travail- Chapitre N-1.1 : Article 59.0.1. Publications Québec. https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/document/lc/N-1.1/20190101#se:59_0_1
Conseil d’administration de l’Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. (2014). Valeurs de la profession infirmière. https://www.oiiq.org/en/pratique-professionnelle/deontologie/valeurs-de-la-profession-infirmiere
Côté, N. (2016). Understanding Turnover as a Lifecycle Process: The Case of Young Nurses. Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 71, 203-223. https://doi.org/10.7202/1036607ar
Dietrich Leurer, M., Donnelly, G., et Domm, E. (2007). Nurse retention strategies: advice from experienced registered nurses. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 21(3), 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260710751762
Dols, J. D., Chargualaf, K. A., et Martinez, K. S. (2019). Cultural and Generational Considerations in RN Retention. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 49(4), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000738
Donnelly, J. P. (2017). A systematic review of concept mapping dissertations. Evaluation and Program Planning, 60, 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.08.010
Duffield, C. M., Roche, M. A., Homer, C., Buchan, J., et Dimitrelis, S. (2014). A comparative review of nurse turnover rates and costs across countries. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(12), 2703-2712. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12483
Déry, J., D'Amour, D., et Roy, C. (2017). L’étendue optimale de la pratique infirmière : une contribution essentielle à la performance du système de santé. Perspective infirmière, 14(1), 51-55.
Fédération Interprofessionnelle de la santé du Québec. (2021). Mise en demeure- Utilisation abusive du temps supplémentaire obligatoire. https://www.fiqsante.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-10-22_Mise_en_demeure_-_OIIQ.pdf?download=1
Grego-Planer, D., et Baker, R. (2022). The relationship between benevolent leadership and affective commitment from an employee perspective. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0264142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264142
Griffiths, P., Recio-Saucedo, A., Dall'Ora, C., Briggs, J., Maruotti, A., Meredith, P., Smith, G.B., et Ball, J. (2018). The association between nurse staffing and omissions in nursing care: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(7), 1474–1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13564
Gómez-Salgado, J., Domínguez-Salas, S., Romero-Martín, M., Romero, A., Coronado-Vázquez, V., et Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2021). Work engagement and psychological distress of health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13239
Gouvernement du Québec. (2022). Plan pour mettre en œuvre les changements nécessaires en santé. https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/politiques-orientations/plan-changements-sante
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. Dans A. Bakker et M. Leiter (dir.), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research (p. 102-117). Psychology Press.
Hart, S. M., et Warren, A. M. (2015). Understanding nurses’ work: Exploring the links between changing work, labour relations, workload, stress, retention and recruitment. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36(2), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X13505119
Hayward, D., Bungay, V., Wolff, A. C., et MacDonald, V. (2016). A qualitative study of experienced nurses' voluntary turnover: learning from their perspectives. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(9-10), 1336-1345. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13210
Huber, P., et Schubert, H. J. (2019). Attitudes about work engagement of different generations-A cross-sectional study with nurses and supervisors. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(7), 1341-1350. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12805
Karakas, F., et Sarigollu, E. (2012). Benevolent Leadership: Conceptualization and Construct Development. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(4), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1109-1
Karlsson, A., Gunningberg, L., Bäckström, J., et Pöder, U. (2019). Registered nurses' perspectives of work satisfaction, patient safety and intention to stay - A double-edged sword. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(7), 1359-1365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12816
Kaufman, L., et Rousseeuw, P. J. (2009). Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis (Vol. 344). John Wiley and Sons.
MacPhee, M., Dahinten, V., et Havaei, F. (2017). The Impact of Heavy Perceived Nurse Workloads on Patient and Nurse Outcomes. Administrative Sciences, 7(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7010007
Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P., Struyf, A., Hubert, M., et Hornik, K. (2015). Cluster: cluster analysis basics and extensions. R Package Version 2.0.3.
Marleau, D. (2021). Rapport statistique sur l’effectif infirmier et la relève infirmière du Québec: 2020-2021. Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. https://www.oiiq.org/documents/20147/11892088/Rapport_statistique_2020-2021.pdf
Marufu, T., Collins, A., Vargas, L., Gillespie, L., et Almghairbi, D. (2021). Factors influencing retention among hospital nurses: systematic review. British Journal of Nursing, 30(5), 302-308. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.5.302
Mathieu, L. (2018). Pénurie d'effectifs infirmiers au Québec ? Le temps est venu de faire le point. Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. https://www.oiiq.org/en/penurie-d-effectifs-infirmiers-au-quebec-le-temps-est-venu-de-faire-le-point
McBeath, B., Franks, O., Delormier, T., Périllat-Amédée, S., McComber, A., Abigosis, T., Leafe, D., Macaulay, A., et Lévesque, L. (2021). Reflecting on the use of Concept Mapping as a Method for Community-Led Analysis of Talking Circles. Turtle Island Journal of Indigenous Health, 1(2), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.33137/tijih.v1i2.36171
McCann, D. (2020, 21 mars). Arrêté numéro 2020-007 de la ministre de la Santé et des Services sociaux en date du 21 mars 2020. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/sante-services-sociaux/publications-adm/lois-reglements/AM_numero_2020-007.pdf
McGillis Hall, L., Waddell, J., Donner, G., et Wheeler, M. M. (2004). Outcomes of a Career Planning And Development Program For Registered Nurses. Nursing economic$, 22(5), 231-238.
Morgan, J. C., et Lynn, M. R. (2009). Satisfaction in nursing in the context of shortage. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00842.x
Motyka, B. (2018). Employee engagement and performance: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Management and Economics, 54(3), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2018-0018
Office québécois de la langue française. 2003. Plan de carrière. Gouvernement du Québec. https://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8880030
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O'Hara, R. B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., et Wagner, H. (2015). Package ‘vegan’. R Package Version 2, 3-1.
Optimal Workshop Ltd. (2022). Optimal Workshop. https://www.optimalworkshop.com/about/
Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. 2011. Vers une culture de formation continue. https://www.oiiq.org/documents/20147/237836/270GCO_doc.pdf
Orgambidez, A. (2020). Understanding the link between work engagement and job satisfaction: Do role stressors underlie this relationship? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61, 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12613
Pérez-Francisco, D. H., Duarte-Clíments, G., Del Rosario-Melián, J. M., Gómez-Salgado, J., Romero-Martín, M., et Sánchez-Gómez, M. B. (2020). Influence of Workload on Primary Care Nurses' Health and Burnout, Patients' Safety, and Quality of Care: Integrative Review. Healthcare, 8(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010012
Rauhala, A., et Fagerström, L. (2007). Are nurses’ assessments of their workload affected by non-patient factors? An analysis of the RAFAELA system. Journal of Nursing Management, 15(5), 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00645.x
Recio-Saucedo, A., Dall'Ora, C., Maruotti, A., Ball, J., Briggs, J., Meredith, P., Redfern. O.C., Kovacs, C., Prytherch, D., Smith, G.B., et Griffiths, P. (2018). What impact does nursing care left undone have on patient outcomes? Review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27, 2248-2259. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14058
Rondeau, K. V., et Wagar, T. H. (2016). Human resource management practices and nursing turnover. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(10), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n10p101
Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., et Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Shuck, B., Ghosh, R., Zigarmi, D., et Nimon, K. (2012). The jingle Jangle of Employee Engagement: Further Exploration of the Emerging Construct and Implications for Workplace Learning and Performance. Human Resource Development Review, 12(1), 11-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484312463921
Simpson, M. R. (2009). Engagement at work: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(7), 1012-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.05.003
Smith-Miller, C. A., Shaw-Kokot, J., Curro, B., et Jones, C. B. (2014). An Integrative Review: Fatigue Among Nurses in Acute Care Settings. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 44(9), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000104
Stelnicki, A. M., Carleton, R. N., et Reichert, C. (2020). Mental disorder symptoms among nurses in Canada. Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions. https://nursesunions.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/OSI-REPORT_final.pdf
Stevanin, S., Palese, A., Bressan, V., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K., et Kvist, T. (2018). Workplace-related generational characteristics of nurses: A mixed-method systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(6), 1245-1263. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13538
Sturrock, K., et Rocha, J. (2000). A Multidimensional Scaling Stress Evaluation Table. Field Methods, 12(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X0001200104
Tchouaket, E., Dubois, C., et D’Amour, D. (2017). The economic burden of nurse-sensitive adverse events in 22 medical-surgical units: retrospective and matching analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(7), 1696-1711. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13260
Trochim, W. (1985). Pattern Matching, Validity, and Conceptualization in Program Evaluation. Evaluation Review, 9, 575-604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X8500900503
Trochim, W., et Kane, M. (2005). Concept mapping: an introduction to structured conceptualization in health care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 17(3), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzi038
Trochim, W., et McLinden, D. (2017). Introduction to a special issue on concept mapping. Evaluation and Program Planning, 60, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.10.006
Trochim, W. (1989). An introduction to concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(89)90016-5
Tucker, S. J., Gallagher-Ford, L., Baker, M., et Vottero, B. A. (2019). Promoting Nurse Retention Through Career Development Planning. American Journal of Nursing, 119(6), 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000559823.73262.d2
Uddin, A., Mahmood, M., et Fan, L. (2019). Why individual employee engagement matters for team performance? Mediating effects of employee commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. Team Performance Management, 25(1/2), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-12-2017-0078
Unruh, L., et Asi, Y. (2018). Determinants of Workplace Injuries and Violence Among Newly Licensed RNs. Workplace Health & Safety, 66(10), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079918756909
Valizadeh, L., Zamanzadeh, V., Habibzadeh, H., Alilu, L., Gillespie, M., et Shakibi, A. (2018). Threats to nurses' dignity and intent to leave the profession. Nursing Ethics, 25(4), 520-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016654318
Vinje, H. F., et Mittelmark, M. B. (2008). Community nurses who thrive: the critical role of job engagement in the face of adversity. Journal for Nurses in Professional Development, 24(5), 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NND.0000320695.16511.08
Watts Isley, J., Little, S. H., Sha, S., Vaughan, E., Wingate, K., et Aleshire, M. E. (2022). To stay or leave: Public health nurse workforce retention in North Carolina. Public Health Nursing, 39, 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12991
Windsor, L. C. (2013). Using Concept Mapping in Community-Based Participatory Research: A Mixed Methods Approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 7(3), 274–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689813479175
World Health Organization. (2020). State of the world's nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331677