School Nurses and Health Promotion in Secondary Schools in the Republic of Benin
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Young people’s health concerns represent major challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. In Benin, we are witnessing a rise in risky behaviors in young people (drug use, physical violence, premature pregnancies), despite the intervention of school nurses.
Objective: To describe and understand the practices of school nurses in promoting the health of secondary school pupils in the Republic of Benin.
Method: A multiple-case study was conducted in 2 departments of Benin. Hybrid analyses were based on semi-structured interviews (n = 35) with high school and middle school directors (n = 14), school nurses (n = 14), managers from the Ministry of Health (n = 4) and the Ministry of Technical Secondary Education and Vocational Training (n = 3), supplemented by observations and field notes. King’s systems model guided data collection and analysis.
Results: Gaps in health promotion nursing practices include 1) the low level of organization of promotional activities, 2) insufficient availability of human and material resources, 3) insufficient knowledge of health promotion in schools, and 4) lack of coordination of school nurses’ activities.
Discussion and Conclusion: Health promotion within the school setting remains unevenly implemented. Deficiencies in training, organizational structure, and the availability of human and material resources significantly constrain the performance of school nurses, thereby revealing a persistent structural vulnerability within the school health system across the Beninese departments included in this study.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors hold the copyright on their papers without restrictions and retain it without restrictions after publication of the papers on the journal’s website.
References
Bodkin, A. et Hakimi, S. (2020). Sustainable by design: a systematic review of factors for health promotion program sustainability. BMC public health, 20(1), 964. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09091-9
Brousse, J. (2013). Rôle de l’infirmière scolaire auprès des élèves décrocheurs. Archives de pédiatrie, 20(5, suppl. 1), H89–H90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-693X(13)71336-8
Cottin, V. (2019). Infirmière en milieu scolaire : écouter, soigner, dépister (2e éd.). Elsevier.
COUNCIL ON SCHOOL HEALTH (2016). Role of the School Nurse in Providing School Health Services. Pediatrics, 137(6), e20160852. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0852
Crockett, L. J., Carlo, G. et Schulenberg, J. E. (dir.). (2023). APA handbook of adolescent and young adult development. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000298-000
Dibakwane, S. T. et Peu, M. D. (2018). Experiences of school health nurses regarding the provision of the school health service delivery in the Tshwane district. African journal of primary health care & family medicine, 10(1), e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1807
Divay, S., Lambolez, C., Vautrin, S., Henrion, E. et Martin, E. (2021). L’entrée dans le métier d’infirmière scolaire : questionnements et réflexions de novices expérimentées. Dans M. Frisch (dir.), Infirmières et infirmiers de l’éducation nationale : une nouvelle spécialité? Émergences et premiers résultats de recherche (p. 126-147). L’Harmattan.
Faial, L. C. M., Silva, R. M. C. R. A., Pereira, E. R. et Faial, C. S. G. (2020). Health in the school: perceptions of being adolescent. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 73(3), e20190068. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0068
Fawcett, J. (2012). Contemporary Nursing Knowledge: Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories (2e éd.). F. A. Davis Company.
Hung, T. T., Chiang, V. C., Dawson, A. et Lee, R. L. (2014). Understanding of factors that enable health promoters in implementing health-promoting schools: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of qualitative evidence. PloS one, 9(9), e108284. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108284
King, I. M. (1968). A conceptual frame of reference for nursing. Nursing Research, 17(1), 27–31.
King, I. M. (1981). A theory for nursing: Systems, concepts, process. John Wiley & Sons.
King, I. M. (1997). King’s theory of goal attainment in practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(4), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/089431849701000411
Kivimäki, H., Saaristo, V., Wiss, K., Frantsi‐Lankia, M., Ståhl, T. et Rimpelä, A. (2019). Access to a school health nurse and adolescent health needs in the universal school health service in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(1), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12617
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. et Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3e éd.). SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC.
Ministère de la Santé du Bénin. (1998). Organisation et réglementation sanitaire en milieu scolaire et universitaire au Bénin. République du Bénin.
Ministère de la Santé du Bénin. (2006). Politique nationale de la Santé scolaire et Universitaire au Bénin. République du Bénin.
Ministère de la Santé du Bénin. (2011, avril). Enquête globale sur la santé des élèves au Bénin en 2009. République du Bénin.
Ministère de la Santé du Bénin. (2017, septembre). Stratégie nationale multisectorielle de la santé sexuelle et de la reproduction des adolescents et jeunes 2018-2022. https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Strate%CC%81gie-Nationale-Multisectorielle-de-Sante%CC%81-Sexuelle-et-de-la-Reproduction-des-Adolescents-et-Jeunes-au-Be%CC%81nin-2010-2020.pdf
Ministère des Enseignements Secondaire Technique et de la Formation Professionnelle. (2017). Grossesses en milieu scolaire au Bénin. République du Bénin.
Nekaa, M. (2017). Les infirmières de l’éducation nationale en France : éducation et promotion de la santé en milieu scolaire, pratiques et représentations [Thèse de doctorat, Université de Lyon]. Portail HAL thèses. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01768261v1
Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec. (2018, avril). Standards de pratique pour l’Infirmière en santé scolaire (2e éd.). https://www.oiiq.org/documents/20147/237836/4441-santescolaire.pdf
Organisation mondiale de la santé. (2020, avril). La situation du personnel infirmier dans le monde - 2020 : investir dans la formation, l’emploi et le leadership. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/332163/9789240004900-fre.pdf?sequence=1
Organisation mondiale de la santé. (2024, 26 novembre). Santé à l’adolescence et au début de l’âge adulte. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
Pearson, M., Chilton, R., Wyatt, K., Abraham, C., Ford, T., Woods, H. B. et Anderson, R. (2015). Implementing health promotion programmes in schools: a realist systematic review of research and experience in the United Kingdom. Implementation science : IS, 10, 149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0338-6
Potvin, L. et Jourdan, D. (dir.). (2022). Global Handbook of Health Promotion Research. Vol. 1: Mapping Health Promotion Research. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97212-7
Quinn, B. L. et Smolinski, M. (2018). Improving School Nurse Pain Assessment Practices for Students With Intellectual Disability. The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 34(6), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840517722591
Romano, H. (dir.). (2021). La santé à l’école : en 24 notions (3e éd.). Dunod.
Sehularo, L. A., Wankasi, H. I. et Rakhudu, M. A. (2020). Factors that Influence the Dissemination and Implementation of a School Health Policy. Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 22(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/6321
Sharma, B., Kim, H. Y. et Nam, E. W. (2018). Effects of School-based Health Promotion Intervention on Health Behaviors among School Adolescents in North Lima and Callao, Peru. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(2), 60–71.
World Health Organization. (2022, 17 January). Working for a brighter, healthier future: How WHO improves health and promotes well-being for the world’s adolescents. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240041363
World Health Organization and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021). Making every school a health-promoting school: Implementation guidance. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/341908/9789240025073-eng.pdf?sequence=1
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6e éd.). SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC.